+- History | |
| +- Historians | | | | | +- Afghan Historians and their books | | | | | | | +- Ustad Ahmad Ali-e-Kohzad | | | | | | | +- Pohand Abdul Hai Habibi | | | | | | | +- Meer Ghulam Mohammad Ghubar | | | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan dar maseer-e-Tareekh | | | | | | | +- Ustad Khalilullah Khalili | | | | | | | +- Azizudin Wakili Popalzai | | | | | | | +- Sayed Qasem-e-Reshtia | | | | | | | +- Mir Mohammad Sediq-e-Farhang | | | | | | | | | +- | | | | | | | +- | | | | | | | | +- Non Afghan Historians and their books | | | | | +- Loius Dupree | |
| | | +- A chronology of Afghan history ( Dates and Events ) | | | | | +- The current territory known as Afghanistan, in prehistoric | | | ages was a bed of emerging civizations in the region. | | | | | +- Stone Age: | | | | | | | +- Cave of Tara-Kamar in Haibak (Samangan) | | | | | | | +- 20,000 BC | | | | | | | +- Basic Weapons from Stone and Bone | | | | | | | | +- Copper Age | | | | | | | +- Cave of Chihil-Sutoon (Within 1 Km of But-e-Bamyan) | | | | | | | | | +- 9,000 BC | | | | | | | | | +- Copper tools | | | | | | | +- Aaq Kaprak (South of Mazar City, bank of Balkh River) | | | | | | | | | +- 2,000-9,000 BC | | | | | | | | | +- Weapons, "Berengi" Mirrors, Rings, Bracelets, Qaisa-e-Asp | | | | Lajaward Rings | | | | | | | +- Mandigak (55 Km north of Kandahar) | | | | | | | +- 3,000 BC | | | | | | | +- Adobe Houses, Copper Weapons and Jewelry, Earthenware | | | | | +- Owesta ( oldest book written by Zartusht-e-Balkhi ) | | | | | | | +- 1,000 BC | | | | | +- Foreign Influence and the resistance of Afghan People | | | | | | | +- From 6,000 BC until 3,000 BC | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan and the Government of Ha-kha-munshi | | | | | | | | | +- From 545 to 333 BC | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan and the Government of Greece | | | | | | | +- From 330 to 250 BC | | | | | +- The end of foreign domination and the birth of independent | | | state in Afghanistan | | | | | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan during the Government of Eastern Greece | | | | ( Unan-e-Bakhtari) | | | | | | | | | +- From 3 BC to 6 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan during the Government of Kushani | | | | | | | | | +- From 40 AD to 220 AD | | | | | | | +- From Kushanies to Yaftalees | | | | | | | | | +- From 220 AD to 425 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan during the Yaftalis | | | | | | | | | +- From 425 AD to 566 AD | | | | | | | +- The Turk Factor and the influence of Sasanis (Sasani) | | | | | | | +- Until end of 6th century AD | | |
| | | | | +- Arab Invasion and Afghan Resistance (7 AD to 9 AD) | | | | | | | +- During the Period of "Khulafa-e-Rashedeen" | | | | | | | | | +- From 642 AD to 661 AD | | | | | | | +- Arab Domination in Afghanistan during Omiads (Amawees) | | | | | | | | | +- From 661 AD to 746 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghan Resistance and the fall of Omiads (Amawees) | | | | | | | | | +- Afghan Resistance was led by Abu-Muslim-e-Khurasani | | | | | | | | | +- From 746 AD to 754 AD | | | | | | | +- Arab Domination during the Abasi (Abasi) | | | | | | | +- From 754 AD to 821 AD | | | | | +- Afghanistan during 9th and 13th AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan during the Taheri Government | | | | | | | | | +- From 821 AD to 872 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan during the Saffari Government | | | | | | | | | +- From 872 AD to 910 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan and the Sasani Government | | | | | | | | | +- From 892 to 999 AD | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Afghanistan during the Ghaznawee Government | | | | | | | | | +- From 962 to 1148 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan during the Government of Saljuqi | | | | | | | | | +- From 1038 to 1153 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan during the Ghori Government | | | | | | | | | +- From 1148 to 1214 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan and the Khu-wa-razem-shahi Government | | | | | | | +- From 1214 to 1219 AD | | | | | +- The Mughul Invasion and Afghan Resistance | | | | | | | +- From 1221 AD to 1245 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghan Resistance | | | | | | | +- Muluke-e-Keret | | | | | | | +- From 1245 AD to 1381 AD | | | | | +- Afghanistan During the 14th and 15th Century AD | | | | | | | +- The New Mughul Invasion | | | | | | | +- Amir Tamur-e-Goragani | | | | | | | +- From 1381 AD to 1506 AD | | | | | +- Foreign Invasions and Disintegration (16th AD to 18th AD) | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan and Shibani Government of Mawara-ul-Nahar | | | | | | | | | +- From 1506 AD to 1599 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan and the Saffawi Government of Iran | | | | | | | | | +- From 1510 AD to 1709 AD | | | | | | | +- Afghanistan and the Baburi(Mughuli) Government of India | | | | | | | +- From 1505 AD to 1747 AD | | |
| | | | | +- Establishment of Independent Government of Afghanistan by | | | Hotakies in Kandahar (1709 AD to 1729 AD) | | | | | | | +- Merwais Khan-e-Hotaki | | | | | | | | | +- From 1709 AD to 1715 AD | | | | | | | +- Shah Mahmood | | | | | | | | | +- From 1716 AD to 1720 AD | | | | | | | +- Abdalian in Herat | | | | | | | | | +- From 1716 AD to 1731 AD | | | | | | | +- Occupation of Iran by Afghanistan | | | | | | | | | +- From 1721 AD to 1729 AD | | | | | | | +- Shah Ashraf | | | | | | | +- From 1725 AD to 1729 AD | | | | | +- Afghanistan and the Afshar Government of Iran | | | | | | | +- From 1729 AD to 1747 AD | | | | | +- Afghanistan during 18th and 20th Century AD | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Re-establishment of the Independent Government of | | | | Afghanistan | | | | | | | | | +- Ahmad Shah-e-Durrani (Ahmad Shah Baba) | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 1747 AD to 1773 AD | | | | | | | | | | | +- Seventh Journey to India, battle with Marhatta | | | | | | and occupation of Delhi by Afghans. (Panipat) | | | | | | | | | | | +- Zargona Ana is the mother of Ahmad Shah Baba | | | | | and has a highly respected position in Afghan | | | | | history. | | | | | | | | | +- Timur Shah | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 1773 AD to 1793 AD | | | | | | | | | +- Zaman Shah | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 1793 AD to 1801 AD | | | | | | | | | +- Mahmood (First Time) | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 1801 AD to 1803 AD | | | | | | | | | +- Shah Shujah (First Time) | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 1803 AD to 1809 AD | | | | | | | | | +- Mahmood (2nd Time) | | | | | | | | | +- From 1809 AD to 1818 AD | | | |
| | | | | | | +- The Murder of Wazir Fateh Khan and the Emergence of | | | Barakzai Brothers | | | | | | | +- Amir Dost Mohammad Khan (First Time) | | | | | | | | | +- From 1826 | | | | | | | +- The Ranjeed Singh, Shah Shujah and Great Britain | | | | Accord in Lahore | | | | | | | | | +- 26th June, 1838 | | | |
| | | +- First Afghan British War | | | | | | | | | +- From 1838 to 1842 | | | | | | | | | +- Arrival of the invading army in Kabul | | | | | | | | | | | +- 6th August, 1839 | | | | | | | | | +- Kabul uprising agaisnt the British army | | | | | | | | | | | +- 2nd November, 1841 | | | | | | | | | +- Defection of Amir Dost Mohammad to British in | | | | | Bala-hesar-e-Kabul. | | | | | | | | | | | +- 4th November, 1841 | | | | | | | | | +- Murder of MicNatan (British Envoy in Kabul) | | | | | | | | | | | +- 23th December, 1841 | | | | | | | | | +- Complete destruction of the British Army in | | | | retreat from Kabul to Jilalabad | | | | | | | | | +- 6th to 12th January, 1842 | | | | | | | | | +- Sole survivor of the entire army is Dr.Brydan. | | | | | | | +- Amir Dost Mohammad Khan (Second Time) | | | | | | | | | +- From 1843 to May,1863 (Died in Herat) | | | | | | | +- Amir Shair Ali Khan | | | | | | | | | +- From 1863 to 1878 | | | | | | | +- Amir Mohammad Yaqub Khan | | | | | | | | | +- From 9th, March to October 1879 | | | |
| | | | | | | +- British-Afghan Second War | | | | | | | | | +- The Sir Loue Kunari Mission in Kabul | | | | | | | | | +- Gandumak Accord | | | | | | | | | | | +- 26th May, 1879 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Mohammad Yaqub Khan gave up the Afghan | | | | | | territories of Kurm, Pishin and Sibi, Michini, | | | | | | Khaibar to British. | | | | | | | | | | | +- Mohammad Yaqub Khan agreed to consult the | | | | | British in Afghanistan's foreign policy affairs. | | | | | | | | | +- The resignation of Amir Yaqub Khan | | | | | | | | | | | +- 12th October , 1879 | | | | | | | | | +- The Kabul Uprising and the Death of Kunari | | | | | | | | | | | +- 3rd September, 1879 | | | | | | | | | +- The Battle of Maiwand | | | | | | | | | | | +- 20th July, 1880 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Heroic Participation of Afghan women in the Battle | | | | | | | | | | | +- 27th July, 1880 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Malalai emerged as the all time hero of Afghan | | | | | women's valour in the Battle field. She carried | | | | | the Afghan flag forward when the soldier carrying | | | | | the flag was martyred. | | | | | | | | | +- With this Battle the 2nd British-Afghan war came to | | | | to an end and the British agreed to evacuate | | | | Afghanistan | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Amir Abdul Rahman Khan | | | | | | | | | +- From July,1880 to 1901 | | | | | | | | | +- Durand Treaty ( A Brief History - Status Report ) | | | | | | | | | +- Signed on 12th November, 1893 | | | | | | | | | +- Durand line redefined Afghanistan's border | | | | | from Wakhan to Koh-e-Malik Siah (in Iran) in such | | | | | way that the historic territory of Afghanistan | | | | | between this line and the banks of the Sind river | | | | | was virtually given up to the British Imperialist | | | | | presence in India. | | | | | | | | | +- On June 1949, Afghanistan's Parliament cancelled | | | | | all the treaties which former Afghan Governments | | | | | has signed with the British-India Government | | | | | including the Durand Treaty and thus proclaimed | | | | | that the Afghan government do not recognize the | | | | | Durand line as a legal boundary between Afghanistan | | | | | and Pakistan. (7th Shura of Afghanistan) | | | | | | | | | +- On 9th Sunbulla,1328 - 31st August 1949 ( Pashtoonistan | | | | day ) the huge representative Jirga of the | | | | independent Pashtoon tribes issued the proclaimation | | | | of the independence of Pashtoonistan. | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Amir Habibullah Khan | | | | | | | | | +- From 1901 to 1919 | | | | | | | | | +- Assasinated in Kalagoosh, Nengrahar province. | | | | | | | | | | | +- 20th February, 1919 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Assasinated by gun shot in the head. | | | | | | | | | +- In 1903, formed Lesa-e-Habibia. (First High School) | | | | | | | | | +- In 1906, formed Serajul-Akhbar. (First Afghan Paper) | | | | | | | | | +- In 1909, formed First Military College in Afghanistan | | | | | | | | | +- Democratic Movement around Habibia College by Afghan | | | | intellectuals, 1909 | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Ghazi King Amanullah Khan | | | | | | | | | +- From 21st February to 14th January 1929 | | | | | | | | | +- 13th April 1919, Declaration of Independence | | | | | | | | | | | +- Third Afghan-British War | | | | | | | | | +- Social Reform in Afghanistan 1927 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Abolition of slavery. | | | | | | | | | | | +- Women Rights and the abolition of "Hijab" | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 29th August until 2nd September, Loya Girga | | | | | and the adoption of first constitution. | | | | | | | | | +- First raid of the Bacha-e-Saqaw on Kabul | | | | | | | | | | | +- 14th December, 1928 | | | | | | | | | +- Resignation from the crown by king Amanullah | | | | | | | | | +- 14th January, 1929 | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Amir Habibullah (Bacha-e-Saqaw) | | | | | | | | | +- From 18th January, 1929 to 15th October 1929 | | | | | | | | | +- Hanged third november 1929 | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Nader Shah | | | | | | | | | +- From 15th October 1929 to 8th November 1933 | | | | | | | | | +- Assasinated by Abdul Khaleq in Royal Palace in | | | | in Kabul. Shot while awarding college students. | | | |
| | | | | | | +- King Zaher Shah | | | | | | | | | +- From 8th November 1933, 17th July 1973 | | | | | | | | | +- On 1964 King Zaher Shah institutes a constitutional | | | | | mornarchi. | | | | | | | | | +- Prime Ministers and other highlights | | | | | | | | | | | +- Mohammad Hashim Khan | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 8th November 1933 to 1946 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Shah Mahmood Khan | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 1946 to 6th september 1953 | | | | | | | | | | | +- First free election for the 7th lower house | | | | | | Held on March through April of 1949 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Sardar Mohammad Daud | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 6th September 1953 to 10th March 1963 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- Formed a loya girga, November 1955, and the | | | | | | loya girga proceedings paved the way for the | | | | | | military purchases and assistance from the | | | | | | the Soviet Union. | | | | | | | | | | | +- Re-abolition of Hijab (which was re-imposed during | | | | | | Bacha-e-Saqaw's short reign) | | | | | | | | | | | +- Doctor Mohammad Yosuf Khan | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 13th March 1963 to 2nd November 1965 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- A period of reform initiated by King Zaher Shah | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- The reform included a new constitution. It was the | | | | | | most moderate constitution based on parlimentary | | | | | | democracy and independant judiciary.The government | | | | | | was now only responsible to the free and | | | | | | elected parliament(Loya Girga of September of 1964) | | | | | | | | | | | +- Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwaal | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 2nd November 1965 to 11th October 1967 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Noor Ahmad Atemadee | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 15th November 1967 to 16th May 1971 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Doctor Abdul Zaher | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 6th July 1971 to 25th September 1972 | | | | | | | | | | | +- Mohammad Musa Shafiq | | | | | | | | | | | +- From 7th December 1972 to 17th July 1973 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +- The Final Count Down | | | | | | | | | +- 17th July 1973, King is Rome for eye treatment. | | | | | | | | | +- Daud overthrows the Monarchi with the help | | | | officers, including air force Col.Abdul Qader | | | | and army Major Mohammad Aslam Watanjar (tank | | | | corps). These are the same people who later | | | | ousted Daud in the Soviet backed coup. | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Daud's Coup | | | | | | | +- 17th July 1973 | | | | | | | +- He abolished the Monarchi and declared himself | | | | President of the new Republic of Afghanistan. | | | | | | | +- 22nd Septermber, a number of civilians dignitories | | | | and high ranking military personalities icluding | | | | Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, ex-prime minister, were | | | | arrested for the charge of attempted coup. | | | | | | | +- Mr.Maiwandwal was later on killed during the | | | | investigation. (excessive torture) | | | | | | | +- Daud re-activated the popular issue of the right | | | | of the people of Pashtoonistan and Baluchistan | | | | which created a new rapture in the Afghan-Pak | | | | relationship. | | | | | | | +- April 1975, Daud made an official trip to Tehran | | | | which marked a significant shift in his policy | | | | from Moscow. In Tehran a range of issues including | | | | a large ammount of credit to Afghanistan by Iran | | | | was agreed upon(the sum exceeded $2 million). | | | | | | | +- Butto's Conspiracy Against Daud | | | | | | | | | +- With Daud's coup a group of young fundamentast | | | | | RFC | | | | | | | | | +- When Daud started his political adventurism | | | | | regarding the the Pashtoonistan affair these | | | | | young fundamentalists were approached and | | | | | hired by Pakistan. | | | | | | | | | +- These youngsters were provided lodging and | | | | | trained in Balahesar of Peshawar. The leader | | | | | of these youngsters were Gulbudin Hekmatyar | | | | | and Ahmad Shah Masoud. | | | | | | | | | +- The plan was initially to sabotage the Daud | | | | | government but later it evolved into an | | | | | elaborate coup intended to overthrow Daud. | | | | | | | | | +- Gulbudin Hekmatyar was instructed to inspire and | | | | | provoke military officers within the Afghan army | | | | | for a coup against Daud. | | | | | | | | | +- Ahmad Shah Masoud and his affiliates were instructed | | | | | to go and create diversionary disturbances in the | | | | | various regions of the country in order to attract | | | | | Daud's army to those regions. | | | | | | | | | +- And thus the idea was that Gulbudin would take | | | | | advantage of this absence of the army from | | | | | Kabul and carry out the coup plot. | | | | | | | | | +- But once the conspiracy was launched only Masoud | | | | was able to attack the local administration in | | | | Panjshare and due to lack of cooperation and | | | | sympathy from the civilian population the plot | | | | failed miserably and number of the conspirators | | | | were arrested and some later on convicted of | | | | treason and killed. | | | | | | | +- September 1975, Daud reshuffle his cabinet and | | | | ousts the Parchami ministers from his administration. | | | | | | | +- July 1976, Daud sent his brother, Prince Mohammad | | | | Naim, to Washington for a new approach and closer | | | | relation between Washington and Kabul. | | | | | | | +- 20th August 1976, Daud's reconciliatory visit to | | | | Islamabad in which Daud and Zulfaqar Ali Butto | | | | reached some sort of understanding on the future of | | | | their relation and the Pashtoonistan issue. | | | | | | | +- 13th January 1977, Daud stages a "Loya Girga" to | | | | rubber-stamp his left oriented new constitution. | | | | | | | +- 12-15th April, the famous, ill faited trip of Daud | | | | to Moscow. During this trip Daud was criticized by | | | | Leonad Brezhnif for allowing Western specialists in | | | | in the northern provinces of Afghanistan (bordering | | | | the then Soviet Union). Hearing this, Daud Khan | | | | angrily bangs on the official negociation table and | | | | tells the Soviet leader that "We are not here | | | | to take orders from anyone. It is the Afghans who | | | | can decide whether to permit anyone, anywhere in | | | | in their country." Daud then walks out of the room. | | | | It is said that on that day Daud's faith was sealed. | | | | | | | +- July 1977, Parcham and Khalq factions of the PDPA | | | | (Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan) were | | | | reunited (by KGB officers in Kabul). | | | | | | | +- 17th July 1978, Mir Akbar Khaibar, a Parchami, is | | | | murdered in Kabul. The Parchamies protest his death | | | | and blame it on Daud. Daud Khan orders the arrest of | | | | PDPA leadership but Hafizullah Amin, one of the PDPA | | | | party chiefs, manages, through some PDPA sympathizers | | | | to initiate the pre-planned coup against Daud. | | | | | | | +- 27th April 1978, bloody Communist coup in Kabul. | | | overthrows Daud's government. Both Daud and his | | | entire family, including children, are executed by | | | Communists during the first hours of the coup. The | | | entire Royal family is rounded up, some are summarily | | | shot and the rest are sent to the notorious Pul-e-Charkhi | | | prison. Also famous military leaders, intellectuals, | | | and religious leaders are rounded up either shot or sent | | | to Pule-e-Charkhi Prison. | | |
| | | | | +- The Communist Coup And the Soviet Invasion [The Darkest Hours] | | | | | | | +- 27th April 1978 | | | | | | | +- Immediately after the coup the Communists started a | | | | campaigne of terror marked by mass arrests, torture, | | | | and secret executions. Overnight, Pulcharkhi prison in | | | | Kabul became massive political prison. The Soviet | | | | advisors started pouring in and KGB style secret police | | | | began spreading its deadly web into every aspect of | | | | social structure. Religion was derided and the Afghan | | | | traditional tri-colored flag was replaced by the | | | | Communist's all red flag. With this day opened a new | | | | chapter in Afghan history. Every aspect of Afghan life | | | | and esistance was to be changed by the crimes comitted | | | | by the Khalqies, Parchamies and the red army of the | | | | former Soviet Union. A genocide was to embrace the | | | | hapless Afghan nation. Children were to lose their | | | | fathers, mothers were to lose their sons, brothers | | | | were to lose sisters, Afghans were to lose their | | | | dearest ones. The tragedy of what was to be followed is | | | | still, to this very day, claiming the lifes of innocent | | | | Afghans. This once peaceful and beautiful nation was about | | | | to lose 2,000,000+ of its best sons and daughters. Afghans | | | | who in the past never dreamed of leaving their country, | | | | were forced to abandone their homeland. At one time their | | | | number reached 5,000,000+, as they became "Awara wa bechara". | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Noor Mohammad Taraki | | | | | | | | | +- 1st May 1978, Noor Mohammad Taraki was proclaimed as | | | | | the head of "Revolutionary Council" and President of | | | | | the so called "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan". | | | | | | | | | +- 4th May 1978, First interview with Noor Mohammad | | | | | Taraki with western massmedia. He denied that his | | | | | party was a Communist party. | | | | | | | | | +- June 1978, Purge of Parchamies by the Khalq faction | | | | | of PDPA. Parcham leaders are exiled as "ambassadores" | | | | | abroad. | | | | | | | | | +- 12 July 1978, Revolutionary Council's Decree #6 is | | | | | announced. The decree abolished the subsidy of | | | | | landowvers over the farmers. | | | | | | | | | +- 20th July 1978, The first anti-Communist uprisal in | | | | | Noristan and Kunar. | | | | | | | | | +- 16th August 1978, Further split within Khalq-Parcham | | | | | party and the arrest of General Qader, the key figure | | | | | of the 27th April coup, and also that of Sultan Ali | | | | | Keshtmand, key member of political burue and central | | | | | committee of the PDPA. They were accused of master- | | | | | minding a Parchami plot against the Taraki government. | | | | | | | | | +- 17 October 1978, Revolutionary Council's decree #7 | | | | | was announced. It advocated the liberation of the | | | | | women and the rights of the women to choose their | | | | | own husband. The agenda behind this decree was not | | | | | the much needed liberation of women and the evolution | | | | | of social justice and equality among the sexes, but was | | | | | designed as a pretext for a direct and open attack on | | | | | Afghan cultural and Afghan honour. | | | | | | | | | +- 19th October 1978, The celebration of the raising | | | | | of the new all red flag. The occasion was accompanied | | | | | with the typical Communist fun fare and this was a | | | | | major provocation for the Afghan people. This change | | | | | of the traditional tri-colored flag sent a clear | | | | | message to the people about the roots and loyalties | | | | | of the new regime [as does the Flag of the current | | | | | breed of puppet fundamentalists]. | | | | | | | | | +- 28th November 1978, Revolutionary Council's decree | | | | | #8 which advocated land reform. As it might appear | | | | | it was not a move for social betterment but was more | | | | | like a ploy to get those, to whom they promised land, | | | | | in the rank of the so called "98% pro-Khalq | | | | | proletariat". | | | | | | | | | +- 5th December 1978, Taraki signed a treaty of | | | | | "friendship, good neigbourliness and cooperation" | | | | | with President Brezniv of Soviet Union in Moscow. | | | | | This treaty had a clause which expressed that both | | | | | sides will consult and take appropriate measures | | | | | when their security was threatened. Later on this | | | | | very clause was used as a pretext for the Soviet | | | | | invasion of Afghanistan. | | | | | | | | | +- 14th February 1979, Adolph Dubs, American Ambassadore | | | | | in Kabul was kidnapped by a, little known, radical left | | | | | group. He was taken to Kabul Hotel adjacent to the | | | | | presidential palace. After a couple of hours Hafizullah | | | | | Amin ordered the soldires to storm the hotel room. This | | | | | action was taken in absence of the American security | | | | | personnel who were at hand. As a result of this action | | | | | U.S ambassadore was killed by the bullets of Amin's | | | | | storming police. Russian advisors were allowed to | | | | | oversee the operation. Since then Washington has not | | | | | sent another ambassadore to Kabul. | | | | | | | | | +- 25th February 1979, Second popular uprising in Dara-e | | | | | Soof in Northern Afghanistan. | | | | | | | | | +- 10th-20th March 1979, Mutiny in the Herat Garrison | | | | | by the Afghan army officers. It was crushed with | | | | | a brutal show of force. | | | | | | | | | +- April 1979, A high-level military team headed by | | | | | General Aleksey Alekseyevish Yepishev visits Kabul. | | | | | Yepishev was sent to assess the "political reliability" | | | | | of the Afgahn armed forces, i.e, their loyalty to the | | | | | regime and to Soviet connections. When, as a result | | | | | of his visit, he concluded that Afghan forces were | | | | | not "politically reliable", plans were set in motion | | | | | massive intervention by the Soviet forces. | | | | | | | | | +- 23rd June 1979, The Chindawul upprisal in down town | | | | | Kabul i.e. Jada-e-Maiwand. | | | | | | | | | +- 8th August 1979, Mutiny of the army officers in | | | | | Bala-e-Hesar garrisson in downtown Kabul. | | | | | | | | | +- Soviet ambassadore in Kabul, Vassily Safronchuk, | | | | | favours a more broad based government in Kabul i.e. | | | | | he wants the Parchamies and some socialist groups | | | | | to be incorporated in the government. Hafizullah | | | | | Amin opposes this idea and this lays the seed of | | | | | events to come. It became clear back then that the | | | | | Soviets favoured the Parchamies over the the more | | | | | self assertive and nationalism-prone Khalqies. | | | | | | | | | +- 1st Septermber 1979, Noor Mohammad Taraki travels | | | | | to Havana, Cuba to participate in the Non-Alligned | | | | | Confrence. | | | | | | | | | +- Enrout to Havana and on his way back from Havana | | | | | Taraki stops at Moscow. During this stop the plot of | | | | | coup against Amin, re-installation of Babarak in | | | | | in the government and in the party, a re-union of the | | | | | of the two factions of the PDPA with the Soviets | | | | | as the arbitrator and finally the ground work for | | | | | the subsequent invitation of the Soviet Army by | | | | | Afghan government is laid. Taraki meets Babrak | | | | | during this mission. Watanjar, Gulabzoe, Sarwari | | | | | and Mazdoryar were allied with Taraki by | | | | | the Soviets. All of the above were key military | | | | | figures who could have played important rule in | | | | | in the plotted coup. | | | | | | | | | +- Hafizullah Amin is tipped off about the plot and at | | | | | the last moment he is able to turn the tide of events | | | | | to his own favour. | | | | | | | | | +- Following this failure to assasinate Amin, the key plotters | | | | | Watanjar, Gulabzoe and Sarwari escapes Amin's subsequent | | | | | roundup and later manage to seek sanctuary in the Soviet | | | | | embassy. | | | | | | | | | +- 14th september 1979, Amin is invited to Presidential | | | | | palace by Taraki. It is a trap to assasinate Amin but, | | | | | only Taron and Amin's body gaurd, Zerak, are killed. | | | | | All this happens in front of the Soviet ambassadore who | | | | | was present in the palace. The Soviet ambassadore, Alexander | | | | | M. Puzanov, was an active particpant in this 2nd attempt | | | | | to kill Amin. After this close brush with death, | | | | | Amin escaped to the Defense ministry and takes charge of | | | | | the armed forces and the party. | | | | | | | | | +- That same night Taraki is arrested and after a couple | | | | | of weeks he would be killed by Amin's agents. Quietly, | | | | | at night, he was then buried in the Qul-e-Chakan graveyard | | | | | in Kabul. | | | | | | | | | +- 16th september 1979, In a joint meeting of the Revolutionary | | | | Council of PDPA and its Central Committee, Taraki was | | | | stripped from all of his titles, including his membership of | | | | PDPA and Hafizullah Amin was elected General Secretary of | | | | the PDPA, Chairman of the Revolutionary Council and the | | | | Prime Minsiter. | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Hafizullah Amin | | | | | | | | | +- Kabul radio announced Taraki's resignation, sighting ill- | | | | | health. Amin's ascent to power makes the rest of the news. | | | | | On the following day, a flier was distributed among the | | | | | government officials, army personnel and the general | | | | | public in which a chronological, hour to hour, account | | | | | of the Taraki's plot against Amin was exposed. | | | | | | | | | +- 17th september, Soviet Ambassadore Puzanov meets Amin | | | | | and signs Taron's condolence book -- thus condemning | | | | | his and Taraki's attempt to kill Amin a few days ago. | | | | | | | | | +- 19th september, Brezniv and Cosigene send telegrams | | | | | on his appointement to head of revolutionary council | | | | | and prim-ministership. | | | | | | | | | +- 9th October 1979, Taraki's death due to "prolonged | | | | | sickness" was announced in Kabul Radio. | | | | | | | | | +- Amin asks Moscow to call back Puzanov from his post | | | | | in their embassy in Kabul. | | | | | | | | | +- In the middle of October there was an failed coup | | | | | attempt by the followers of Watanjar against Amin. | | | | | | | | | +- 21st October 1979, In a TV statemnet, Amin explained | | | | | his future policy in which he stressed both on | | | | | friendship with the Soviet Union and also the traditional | | | | | policy of non-alliagnement of Afghanistan. In this speech | | | | | he promised that the future policy of the government | | | | | will be based on "legality" vs dictatorship. He changed | | | | | the name of the Afghan security agency from AGSA to | | | | | KAM. He also declared amnesty for the refugees in | | | | | in Pakistan. He made promises that he will form a | | | | | new constitution and thus a 65 member commision was | | | | | assigned to initiate this process. | | | | | | | | | +- As a favour to the Soviets, Amin later repealed the | | | | | execution order of Kishtmand and Qader and reduced | | | | | the sentence to 15 years in prison. | | | | | | | | | +- 23rd October 1979, First offensive by the Mojahedin | | | | | of Tarakhail on Kabul International Airport. | | | | | | | | | +- 7th November 1979, Amin refused to participate in | | | | | the Seventh November reception in the Soviet Union | | | | | embassy for their national day. Later on he declined | | | | | another invitation of Kremlin to pay a state visit to | | | | | Moscow. | | | | | | | | | +- 11th December 1979, There was another failed coup | | | | | in which Amin's nephew, Asadullah Amin, was seriously | | | | | wounded. | | | | | | | | | +- During the first half of the December, the first | | | | | contingent of the Red Army were seen in the Bagram | | | | | airforce base which was totally under Soviet control. | | | | | They were also seen near the Salang Strategic Tunnel. | | | | | | | | | +- 22nd December 1979, Due to security reasons, Amin | | | | | moved to Tapa-e-Taj Baig from Kabul Presidential Palace. | | | | | | | | | +- 25th December 1979, The first huge Soviet transport | | | | | plane appears in the Kabul sky, lands in the Kabul | | | | | air port and unloads its human cargo, the RED ARMY. | | | | | | | | | +- 26th December 1979, Soviet Tanks and APC's appeared | | | | | in all of the Kabul's major intersections. | | | | | | | | | +- At the same time, fliers which were clearly printed | | | | | in the Government printhouses were distributed among | | | | | the army personnel, and the people in which the people | | | | | were forwarned of an enemy attack. The interesting part | | | | | was a set of instructions against air attacks. Since the | | | | | Mojahedin lacked air power it was clear that this | | | | | "air attack" was expected from another source. | | | | | | | | | +- 27th December 1979, The Taj Baig Palace in Darulaman | | | | | where Amin and his family were residing was stormed | | | | | by the KGB's elite force and Amin and his family are | | | | | all killed. There are two theories about Amin's | | | | | death. One account says that he died defending | | | | | himself and his family while the other one says that | | | | | he was poisoned by his cook and was in no shape to | | | | | accomplish anything. | | | | | | | | | +- On the same night, via a clandestine radio broadcast | | | | | that claimed to be Radio Kabul but was actually being | | | | | broadcasted from Tashkand, Babrak Karmal, in a | | | | | speech, also claiming to be in Kabul, announced his | | | | | takeover of the government. Babrak Karmal arrived | | | | | in Kabul on First January. He said that the Soviets | | | | | had intervened upon his request as outlined in the | | | | | treaty signed earlier by Taraki-Brezniv. | | | | | | | | | +- That night the Soviet invasion was already in full swing. | | | | Kabul sky was already humming with a pipeline of the | | | | huge Soviet Antonov cargo plane. The die was cast. | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Babrak Karmal | | | | | | | | | +- With Babraks arrival some new internal and external | | | | | develpements are worth mentioning here. | | | | | | | | | | | +- Khalqies were purged from the Central Committe and | | | | | | Political Bureue of the PDPA. They were mostly | | | | | | accused of colloaboration with Amin. Although the | | | | | | the new government was formed under the title of | | | | | | the runion of the two factions of PDPA, in reality | | | | | | the Parchamies were more dominant in the Revolutionary | | | | | | Council, Central Committe and Political Burue of PDPA | | | | | | as well as in the cabinet. The real governmet was | | | | | | controlled by Soviet ambassadore, Safranchuk who | | | | | | controlled and coordinated the day affairs of the | | | | | | regime. It is said that a single telegram could | | | | | | not make it out of Kabul without being scanned | | | | | | by Safranchuk's team. | | | | | | | | | | | +- Most of the political prisoners from Taraki-Amin | | | | | | period (some included Parchamies) were freed from | | | | | | the prison. Though for a some Afghan families the | | | | | | freedom of their loved ones was a joyous occasion | | | | | | but for a vast majority of Afhgan people this day | | | | | | marked the end of their last hopes for seening | | | | | | loved ones alive. | | | | | | | | | | | +- It was cold January day when the gates of Pul-e- | | | | | | Charkhi were flung open. Out of the tens of | | | | | | thousands of Afghans who had gathered in front | | | | | | of this notorious prison almost 95% returned to | | | | | | their homes with out the family members they had | | | | | | hoped to see. On this day, not only they bore the | | | | | | pain of the loss of the the loved ones but also | | | | | | the sting of being watched, ordered about and | | | | | | searched by Soviet soldiers who were patrolling | | | | | | the streets and major intersections of Kabul. | | | | | | That day marked the begining of the massive | | | | | | exodus by the people of Afghanistan towards | | | | | | the borders. | | | | | | | | | | | +- The resistance that was slowly spreading on the | | | | | | national level before the invasion, now took | | | | | | an international dimension after the invasion. | | | | | | | | | | | +- Afghan issue was taken to the U.N Security | | | | | | Council. | | | | | | | | | | | +- On the first week of the year 1980, 52 member | | | | | | of the United nations asked for an immediate | | | | | | meeting of the Security Council to discuss | | | | | | the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan. It was the | | | | | | non-alligned countries who tabled a resolution | | | | | | in the U.N, condemning the invasion and calling | | | | | | for the immediate withdrawl of the Soviet forces | | | | | | from Afghanistan. This resolution was vetoed | | | | | | by the Soviet Union. | | | | | | | | | | | +- After this veto a special session of the | | | | | General Assembly was held in Newyork, and | | | | | a resolution was passed (104 votes in | | | | | favour, 18 opposed and 18 abstentiosn) | | | | | that called for the immediate withdrawal of | | | | | the "foreign troops" in Afghanistan. This | | | | | special United Nation's "bussines like" procedure | | | | | was repeated on every normal session of the | | | | | general assembly until 1987 in which the vote | | | | | in favour was raised to 123, agaisnt to 19 | | | | | and obstention to 11. | | | | | | | | | +- 25th-27th January 1980, The Islamic confrence | | | | | organization's foreign ministers met in | | | | | Islamabad and in a joint resolution condemned | | | | | the Soviet Invasion and asked for their | | | | | withdrawal. | | | | | | | | | +- Late December 1980 and early January 1981, The | | | | | Soviets showed interest to negotiate Afghan | | | | | issue with Pakistan. Later the General Secretary | | | | | of the United Nations was included in these | | | | | negotiations. | | | | | | | | | +- This process started in Islamabad between the | | | | | Soviet ambassadore and the Pakistani foreign | | | | | ministery. | | | | | | | | | +- 11th February 1981, Pereze de Cuellar was appointed | | | | | by Mr.Kurt Waldheim, the then general secretary of | | | | | of the U.N, as his special envoy for the Afghan | | | | | issue. This marked the begining of the the Geneva | | | | | talks which eventually ended on 14th April, 1988. | | | | | | | | | +- April 1981, Mr. De Cuellar started his mission by | | | | | visiting Kabul and Moscow. | | | | | | | | | +- By this time, in Washington, the Republicans had taken | | | | over the White House and the famous policy of the | | | | "roll back" was initiated. | | | |
| | | | | | | +- Jihad and Peshawar | | | | | | | | | +- Before the Soviet invasion, about 40 groups and | | | | | parties emerged in Pakistan from which Zia choose six | | | | | according to his own idiological tast and political | | | | | goals. Later the Seventh party was added due to | | | | | pressure from the Saudies. | | | | | | | | | +- August 1979, The first alliance of th Peshwar | | | | | Mojahedin is forged and this includes Gulubudin | | | | | Hekmatyar, Sibgatullah Mojaddidi and Mohammad Nabi | | | | | Mohammadi group. This was called "Covenant of the | | | | | Islamic Unity of Afghanistan". This was a short | | | | | lived alliance. | | | | | | | | | +- January 1980, On the eve of the convening of the | | | | | special session of the Islamic Confrence in Islambad, | | | | | a five Tanzeems alliance, excluding Gulbudin, was | | | | | forged und Abdul Rab Rasool Sayaf was made to lead | | | | | this "alliance".. | | | | | | | | | +- ************************************************ | | | | | Dear Afghan netters, | | | | | The rest of the historical facts will be added | | | | | in a slower pace. Since the proceeding of the | | | | | Afghan Jihad is of vital historic importance, | | | | | I, therefore, need to do proper research to provide | | | | | you a chronologically detailed account and analysis | | | | | of the Jihad years. This will take time and so I | | | | | will probably need a few months to complete this | | | | | sections. Any contribution by Afghans netters is | | | | | most welcome. A very general outline of this section | | | | | is listed below. | | | | | Abed | | | | | ************************************************ | | | | | | | | | +- The Jihad years, the Afghan people and all those | | | | concerned. | | | | | | | +- Geneva Accord | | | | | | | +- The Soviet Withdrawal | | | | | | | +- Dr.Najeebullah | | | | | +- Masoud-Dostam Coup | | | | | | | +- Peshawar Accord | | | | | | | +- Islamabad Accord | | | | | | | +- Jalalabad Accord | | | | | | | +- Shura-e-Hal-o-Aqad | | | | | | | +- Dostam and Gulbudin | | | | | | | +- Herat Shura | | | | | +- Proxy-War and Years of Turmoil | | | | | +- The Rise of Taliban | | | | | +- Death of Mazari | | | | | +- Fall of Herat | | | | | + ......... The proxi war continues ...
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